Apis Mellifera mtDNA: Diversity, Evolution, and Conservation Applications

The book provides a comprehensive overview of the biology, evolution, and conservation genetics of the western honeybee, Apis mellifera, with a special focus on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It explains the global diversity of honeybee subspecies, the significance and structure of their mitochondrial genome, and how mtDNA markers are essential for studying maternal lineages, phylogeography, and evolutionary history. The text details key molecular techniques—PCR-RFLP, SNP genotyping, NGS, and eDNA/honey-based assays—for lineage and hybridization analysis. It also covers the integration of mtDNA and nuclear markers for more robust population and conservation studies, the influence of human activity on honeybee genetics, and the importance of standardized methods for global data sharing. Recent advances in bioinformatics, ancient DNA, and functional mitogenomics are highlighted as crucial for bee conservation and sustainable apiculture.